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Browse the failure-mode index

21,245 real negative results, null findings, and replication failures. Search the index →

WASTE indexes published research — it does not host or republish full papers. Each entry is a metadata record compiled from open scholarly databases; the abstract is shown in full only where the paper is openly licensed, otherwise a short excerpt under fair use. Classifications are automated and approximate.

Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

The Effects of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Cardiovascular Risk in Inflammatory Joint Diseases: Current Evidence and Uncertainties

Olena Garmish, Svitlana Smiyan, Fedir Hladkykh et al. · 2025 · Vascular Health and Risk Management

Patients with inflammatory joint diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, have an elevated risk of cardiovascular complications due to systemic inflammation, immune-mediated endothelial…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessNeuroscience

Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: An Overview of Evidence and Implications for Pathophysiology

Evgeny A. Ermakov, Irina A. Mednova, Anastasiia S. Boiko et al. · 2025 · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience

Neuroinflammation, meaning an inflammatory process primarily occurring within the central nervous system (CNS), is thought to be associated with the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (SC), although existing evidence is sometimes contradictory. This review critically summarizes the existing data on neuroinflammation and possible neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of SC. Despite heterogeneity and inconsistency, the existing evidence indicates dysregulation of inflammatory genes and infiltration of the CNS parenchyma by immune cells, disturbances in the b

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Eco-evolutionary dynamics lead to functionally robust and redundant communities

Lorenzo Fant, Iuri Macocco, Jacopo Grilli · 2026 · PLoS Computational Biology

Microbial communities are taxonomically diverse and variable: species presence and abundances widely fluctuate over time, space, and even across biological replicates under controlled experimental conditions. However, environmental conditions exert strong selection on the traits of community members and their functions. Similar environmental conditions are expected to produce functionally similar communities. This environmental selection, combined with taxonomic variability, leads to the influential concept of functional redundancy - the idea that many species can perform the same function, al

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEnvironmental Science

Dynamic oxygen vacancy engineering on CuO via refreshable catalytic surface for high-efficient water decontamination

Xinyi Zhang, Liangjie Wang, Jian Wei et al. · 2026 · Nature Communications

Oxygen vacancies (Ov) on metal oxide surfaces exhibit high catalytic activity for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in wastewater decontamination, yet their in-situ regeneration remains a significant challenge. This study successfully…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Similarities and differences between dog–human and human–human relationships

Borbála Turcsán, Dorottya Júlia Ujfalussy, Andrea Kerepesi et al. · 2025 · Scientific Reports

Most dog owners in Western countries regard their dogs as companions or family members, prompting extensive research on the human-animal bond. However, many studies rely on broad categories or single dimensions, such as satisfaction or attachment, which can oversimplify the complexity of these relationships. In contrast, our study employed a multifaceted approach, examining the dog-owner bond across 13 relationship scales and comparing these scales to four different types of human relationships to reveal the human-like roles of dogs within a family. Participants (N = 717) characterized their r

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessPsychology

Association between glutamate transporter gene polymorphisms and obsessive-compulsive disorder/trait empathy in a Korean population

Hae Won Kim, Jee In Kang, Eunhee Hwang et al. · 2018 · PLoS ONE

Accumulating evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system plays a major role in the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and empathic processing. Particularly, genetic influence of glutamate transporter gene (SLC1A1) on OCD has been frequently replicated in previous studies, but several studies did not replicate the result. Therefore, we aimed to replicate the associations between the SLC1A1 and OCD in a Korean population. In addition, we investigated the influence of SLC1A1 on trait empathy, impairments in which are characteristic of OCD. Six single-nucleotide polymorphis

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Deep feature engineering for accurate sperm morphology classification using CBAM-enhanced ResNet50

Şafak Kılıç · 2025 · PLoS ONE

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Male fertility assessment through sperm morphology analysis remains a critical component of reproductive health evaluation, as abnormal sperm morphology is strongly correlated with reduced fertility rates and poor assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Traditional manual analysis performed by embryologists is time-intensive, subjective, and prone to significant inter-observer variability, with studies reporting up to 40% disagreement between expert evaluators. This research presents a novel deep learning framework combining Convolutional Block Attention Module (CB

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMaterials Science

Benchmarking Large Language Models for Polymer Property Predictions

Sonakshi Gupta, Akhlak Mahmood, Shivank Shukla et al. · 2025 · Macromolecular Rapid Communications

ABSTRACT Machine learning and artificial intelligence have revolutionized polymer science by enhancing the ability to rapidly predict key polymer properties and enabling generative design. The utilization of large language models (LLMs) in polymer informatics may offers additional opportunities for advancement. Unlike traditional methods that depend on large labeled datasets, hand‐crafted representations of the materials, and complex feature engineering, LLM‐based methods utilize natural language inputs via a transfer learning process and eliminate the need for complex representation and finge

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessArts and Humanities

Examining the impact of corporate social advocacy (CSA) issue ownership and message content on authenticity perceptions and behavioral intentions

Holly Overton, Michail Vafeiadis, Pratiti Diddi et al. · 2025 · Corporate Communications An International Journal

Purpose As companies continue to engage in CSA, they continue to struggle with determining what issues they should speak out about and how they can create compelling messages that inspire action. Guided by arguments from issue ownership theory, this study examines CSA message content effects related to two different social-political issues on advocacy behavioral intentions, megaphoning, brand preference and purchase intention. Specifically, the level of advocacy in a CSA message is examined, as well as the manner in which the message is written (narrative vs informational). Furthermore, this s

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBusiness, Management and Accounting

Market competitiveness and corporate ESG performance

T. Zhang, Chuan Qin, Zhaoying Lu · 2025 · International Review of Economics & Finance

This study investigates the relationship between firm-level market competitiveness and corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanisms and moderating factors…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessNeuroscience

Hierarchical interactions between sensory cortices defy predictive coding

Jacob A. Westerberg, Pieter R. Roelfsema · 2025 · Trends in Cognitive Sciences

Perceptual experience depends on recurrent interactions between lower and higher cortices. One theory, predictive coding, posits that feedback from higher to lower brain regions decreases neuronal activity predicted by higher-level representations. Despite the widespread adoption of predictive coding in neuroscience, the correspondence to neurophysiological findings in sensory cortices remains elusive. Here, we review how the canonical patterns of intra- and inter-cortical interactions that occur during perception and shifts of attention deviate from those predicted by predictive coding. We ar

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEconomics, Econometrics and Finance

Evaluating the effectiveness of green finance mechanisms, digitalization, globalization, and renewable energy consumption in advancing environmental sustainability in G20 countries

Muhammad Asif, Long Yun-rong, Muhammad Azam Zia et al. · 2025 · Energy & Environment

Climate change, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, has emerged as an acute world problem, especially in the Group of Twenty (G20), where CO 2 emissions and other greenhouse gases are accumulating. This research examines how energy…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Integration of Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Capsule Endoscopy in Clinical Practice: A Review of Market-Available Tools for Clinical Practice

A. Giordano, Cristina Romero-Mascarell, Begoña González-Suárez et al. · 2025 · Digestive Diseases and Sciences

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into capsule endoscopy is transforming gastrointestinal diagnostics by enhancing lesion detection and optimizing reading efficiency. This review focuses on the clinical applications of…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

An international Phase IV field study - psychometric properties of the updated module on assessing quality of life of patients with breast cancer EORTC QLQ-BR42

Vesna Bjelic‐Radisic, Fátima Cardoso, Joachim Weis et al. · 2025 · The Breast

BACKGROUND: The EORTC QLQ-BR23, published in 1996, was one of the first disease-specific questionnaires to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with breast cancer (BC). In the last decades, major changes in BC…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBusiness, Management and Accounting

Are we on the same wavelength? Supervisor-subordinate cognitive style congruence and its association with supervisors’ self-awareness through leader member exchange

Faisal AlReshaid, Alper Ertürk, Razan Alkhayyat et al. · 2025 · Frontiers in Psychology

Introduction: Leaders' self-awareness is essential to leadership effectiveness. Cognitive styles-how individuals perceive and process information-are key factors in fostering self-awareness. Drawing on Social Identity Theory (SIT), this study explores whether cognitive style congruence between supervisors and subordinates enhances supervisors' self-awareness, and whether Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) mediates this relationship. Methods: We used a time-lagged dyadic design and multilevel polynomial regression to analyze data from 189 subordinates and 36 supervisors. Cognitive styles were measure

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBusiness, Management and Accounting

Executive pay transparency and relative performance evaluation: evidence from the 2006 pay disclosure reforms

Jung Ho Choi, Brandon Gipper, Shawn Shi · 2025 · Review of Accounting Studies

Early empirical evidence showed a lack of relative performance evaluation (RPE) for executive pay, a surprise given its theoretical appeal. We hypothesize that executive pay transparency can enhance the monitoring of pay practices and…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Meningioma: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Carlen Yuen, Michelle Zheng, Max Saint-Germain et al. · 2025 · Biomedicines

Background/Objectives: Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumors. Surgery and radiation therapy are the cornerstones of treatment and no standard of care therapy exists for refractory meningiomas. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches against these tumors. Methods: A search for the existing literature on systemic therapies for meningiomas was performed on PubMed and a search for presently accruing clinical trials was performed on ClinicalTrials.gov. Results: Systemic treatments, including chemotherapy, somatostatin analo

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Replication FailureOpen accessMedicine

Randomized trial investigating the utility of a liver tissue transcriptional biomarker in identifying adult liver transplant recipients not requiring maintenance immunosuppression

Julien Vionnet, Jorge P. Torres-Yaguana, Rosa Miquel et al. · 2024 · American Journal of Transplantation

The maintenance of stable allograft status in the absence of immunosuppression (IS), known as operational tolerance, can be achieved in a small proportion of liver transplant recipients, but we lack reliable tools to predict its spontaneous development. We conducted a prospective, multicenter, biomarker-strategy design, IS withdrawal clinical trial to determine the utility of a predictive biomarker of operational tolerance. The biomarker test, originally identified in a patient cohort with high operational tolerance prevalence, consisted of a 5-gene transcriptional signature measured in liver

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Replication FailureOpen accessMedicine

Transarterial chemoembolization plus atezolizumab and bevacizumab in patients with intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, phase 2 trial

Kang Wang, Jinkai Feng, Hongming Yu et al. · 2025 · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet its efficacy as a standalone therapy remains suboptimal. This phase 2 trial (ChiCTR2100049829) evaluated the feasibility and safety of TACE combined with atezolizumab and bevacizumab in patients with intermediate-stage HCC. Participants received TACE followed by atezolizumab and bevacizumab until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or death. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) assessed per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Comparison of Deep Learning and Clinician Performance for Detecting Referable Glaucoma from Fundus Photographs in a Safety Net Population

Van Nguyen, Sreenidhi Iyengar, Haroon Rasheed et al. · 2025 · Ophthalmology Science

Purpose Develop and test a deep learning (DL) algorithm for detecting referable glaucoma. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants A total of 6116 patients from the Los Angeles County (LAC) Department of Health Services (DHS) were…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

18F-PI-2620 Tau PET is associated with cognitive and motor impairment in Lewy body disease

Joseph R. Winer, Hillary Vossler, Christina B. Young et al. · 2024 · Brain Communications

Abstract Co-pathology is frequent in Lewy body disease, which includes clinical diagnoses of both Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Measuring concomitant pathology in vivo can improve clinical and research diagnoses and prediction of cognitive trajectories. Tau PET imaging may serve a dual role in Lewy body disease by measuring cortical tau aggregation as well as assessing dopaminergic loss attributed to binding to neuromelanin within substantia nigra. We sought to characterize 18F-PI-2620, a next generation PET tracer, in individuals with Lewy body disease. We recruited 141 p

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEarth and Planetary Sciences

Confidence-guided cryo-EM map optimisation with LocScale-2.0

Alok Bharadwaj, R. de Bruin, Arjen J. Jakobi · 2026 · Nature Communications

Cryogenic sample electron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps often display uneven quality, with high-resolution features coexisting alongside weak or poorly ordered regions. Such variation complicates structural interpretation, especially for heterogeneous macromolecular assemblies. Here, we present LocScale-2.0, a context-aware map optimisation framework that operates without prior knowledge of molecular structure or composition. By leveraging general expectations of electron scattering by biological macromolecules, it enhances local detail and connectivity while preserving weak but biologically relev

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEconomics, Econometrics and Finance

Evaluating the Interactive and Transformative Role of Innovation, Education, Human Capital and Natural Resources Policies in Protecting and Sustaining Environmental Sustainability

Jing Zeng, Ali Punjwani · 2025 · Sustainability

Achieving environmental sustainability remains a critical challenge for governments worldwide, particularly within the G20 bloc, due to rapid urbanization, resource-intensive industrial activities, and the environmental pressures associated with globalization. Despite various efforts, ecological degradation continues to escalate, necessitating a deeper understanding of the factors influencing environmental sustainability. This study investigates the role of technological innovation (TLI), education (EDU), human capital (HMC), and natural resources (NTS) in shaping ecological sustainability, wh

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessPsychology

Perceived Stress and Self-Esteem as Significant Predictors of Cigarette Smoking Behavior of Bangladeshi Male Adults

Muhammad Kamal Uddin, Md Tarikul Islam, Muhammad Asaduzzaman · 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

A large body of research has documented that smoking behavior is associated with a number of psychological variables. Weiss, Mouttapa, Cen, Johnson, and Unger (2011) studied a culturally diverse sample of 1,771 adolescents who reported that the risk of smoking initiation was significantly higher among students who scored higher on hostility and depressive symptoms, and were bully-victims. Mykletun, Overland, Aaro, Liabo, and Stewart (2008) carried out a population-based health survey on 60,814 adults aged between 20 to 89 years and reported that anxiety and depression were the most common in c

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessAgricultural and Biological Sciences

Trichoderma in Sustainable Agriculture and the Challenges Related to Its Effectiveness

Karina Gutiérrez-Moreno, Ana Isabel Olguín-Martínez, Amelia C. Montoya-Martínez et al. · 2025 · Diversity

Fungi from the genus Trichoderma have been extensively studied and used as biological control agents (BCAs) because of their versatile mechanisms of action. These include triggering systemic resistance, directly inhibiting pathogens, promoting plant growth, enhancing tolerance to abiotic stress, and producing auxins. However, the widespread application of the most studied Trichoderma strains has been limited by discrepancies between their potential results observed in controlled environments and the outcomes in greenhouses and field conditions. These differences are associated with context dep

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Sex-Specific Associations of Total Bilirubin, ALBI, and PALBI with Lung Cancer Risk: Interactions with Smoking and Alcohol

Jong Won Shin, Minh Nguyen Thien, Sun Ha Jee · 2025 · Healthcare

Background: Bilirubin is a potent endogenous antioxidant that plays a key role in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation, both closely linked to lung carcinogenesis. This study reinterprets the ALBI (Albumin–Bilirubin) and PALBI (Platelet–Albumin–Bilirubin) indices as composite markers of antioxidant and inflammatory status and evaluates their associations with lung cancer risk by sex, including stratified analyses by major lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol use. Methods: This study utilized data from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) cohort, which included 133,6

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessHealth Professions

Effectiveness of a school-based health literacy intervention in improving adolescent health literacy and the intention to take health-promoting actions

Shanti Prasad Khanal, Chitra Bahadur Budhathoki, Orkan Okan · 2025 · BMC Public Health

BACKGROUND: There is a gap in theory-based interventions targeting adolescent health literacy. This study evaluated the impact of a school-based health literacy intervention on self-efficacy, health literacy awareness, situation, and…

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Diagnostic challenges in hemangioblastoma: lessons from a rare case presentation

Jayeshkumar Kanani · 2025 · The Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery : the official publication of the Egyptian Society of Neurological Surgeons/Egyptian journal of neurosurgery

Abstract Background Hemangioblastomas are rare, slow-growing benign neoplasms predominantly affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Despite their benign nature, they pose diagnostic challenges due to their diverse clinical manifestations and radiological features. Case presentation. A 40-year-old male presented with chronic headaches and diplopia persisting for 8 years. Initial MRI revealed two cystic lesions in the cerebellum, causing compression and herniation. Surgical removal of one cyst yielded inconclusive results. Follow-up MRIs showed cyst growth and syrinx development. The patient

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Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessSocial Sciences

SΔϕ-65 — Slop as Externalized Restabilization Cost: AI Slop, Human Slop, Authority Pollution, and the Cost of Re-entry (v1.0)

Sofience · 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

This record provides SΔϕ-65 — Slop as Externalized Restabilization Cost: AI Slop, Human Slop, Authority Pollution, and the Cost of Re-entry (v1.0). SΔϕ-65 defines Slop not by whether it is produced by AI or humans, but by whether low execution or production cost externalizes high verification, rebuttal, correction, interpretation, cleanup, and restabilization cost onto others. The central proposition of this document is: Slop is not defined by the producer. Slop is defined by a cost asymmetry: low execution TCC on the producer side, high restabilization TCC on the receiver, platform, expert, p

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