e-ISSN: Pending
Failure-mode index

Search what already failed

A searchable index of real negative results, null findings, and replication failures from the published literature — so you can learn what didn't work before repeating it.

WASTE indexes published research — it does not host or republish full papers. Each entry is a metadata record (title, authors, DOI) compiled from open scholarly databases, with the abstract shown in full only where the paper is openly licensed (e.g. Creative Commons); otherwise a short excerpt is shown for reference under fair use. WASTE classifies each work by failure type; classifications are automated and approximate.

19814 results in Negative / Null Result Report · page 137 of 661

Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEngineering

Ultrasound-Responsive Calcium Copper Phosphate Nanomaterials Induce Tumor Cell Death via the Synergistic Release of Copper and Calcium

Jieling Qin, Zhenqi Jiang · 2026 · International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Metastatic breast cancer remains a significant therapeutic challenge due to its high invasiveness and resistance to conventional treatments. In this study, an ultrasound-responsive copper-calcium phosphate (Ca19Cu2(PO4)14) nanomaterial is developed for synergistic ion-mediated tumor therapy. The Ca19Cu2(PO4)14 nanomaterials exhibit a uniform morphology and crystalline structure, as well as good colloidal stability. Upon ultrasound irradiation, the release of Cu2+ and Ca2+ is spatiotemporally controlled via mechanical and cavitation effects. In vitro studies using highly metastatic 4T1 cells de

View details →DOI: 10.3390/ijms27042016Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Prognostic value of liver stiffness measurement vs. biochemical response in primary biliary cholangitis

Yu Jun Wong, Laurent Lam, Pierre‐Antoine Soret et al. · 2025 · Journal of Hepatology

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Both liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and biochemical response have prognostic significance in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). However, the frequency and clinical relevance of discordant biochemical and LSM changes remain unclear. We aim to determine the performance of the most recent or current LSM (LSMc) in predicting first hepatic decompensation (HD) in the setting of discordant biochemical and LSM responses. METHODS: In this international, multicenter study, we included patients with at least two reliable LSM performed at least 6 months apart. Patients

View details →DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.09.024Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessArts and Humanities

Examining the impact of corporate social advocacy (CSA) issue ownership and message content on authenticity perceptions and behavioral intentions

Holly Overton, Michail Vafeiadis, Pratiti Diddi et al. · 2025 · Corporate Communications An International Journal

Purpose As companies continue to engage in CSA, they continue to struggle with determining what issues they should speak out about and how they can create compelling messages that inspire action. Guided by arguments from issue ownership theory, this study examines CSA message content effects related to two different social-political issues on advocacy behavioral intentions, megaphoning, brand preference and purchase intention. Specifically, the level of advocacy in a CSA message is examined, as well as the manner in which the message is written (narrative vs informational). Furthermore, this s

View details →DOI: 10.1108/ccij-05-2024-0080Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Similarities and differences between dog–human and human–human relationships

Borbála Turcsán, Dorottya Júlia Ujfalussy, Andrea Kerepesi et al. · 2025 · Scientific Reports

Most dog owners in Western countries regard their dogs as companions or family members, prompting extensive research on the human-animal bond. However, many studies rely on broad categories or single dimensions, such as satisfaction or attachment, which can oversimplify the complexity of these relationships. In contrast, our study employed a multifaceted approach, examining the dog-owner bond across 13 relationship scales and comparing these scales to four different types of human relationships to reveal the human-like roles of dogs within a family. Participants (N = 717) characterized their r

View details →DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-95515-8Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessSocial Sciences

Unpacking EFL teachers’ perceived opportunities and challenges of multimodal AI-driven language testing

Ali Derakhshan, Gurpinder Singh Lalli, Yujong Park · 2026 · Language Testing in Asia

While Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed L2 testing and assessment, empirical research into how EFL practitioners perceive the specific opportunities and challenges of these tools remains limited. To address this…

View details →DOI: 10.1186/s40468-026-00445-5Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

An international Phase IV field study - psychometric properties of the updated module on assessing quality of life of patients with breast cancer EORTC QLQ-BR42

Vesna Bjelic‐Radisic, Fátima Cardoso, Joachim Weis et al. · 2025 · The Breast

BACKGROUND: The EORTC QLQ-BR23, published in 1996, was one of the first disease-specific questionnaires to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with breast cancer (BC). In the last decades, major changes in BC…

View details →DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2025.103890Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessHealth Professions

Enhancing Patient Education with AI: A Readability Analysis of AI-Generated Versus American Academy of Ophthalmology Online Patient Education Materials

Allison Kufta, Ali R. Djalilian · 2025 · Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background/Objectives: Patient education materials (PEMs) in ophthalmology often exceed recommended readability levels, limiting accessibility for many patients. While organizations like the AAO provide relatively easy-to-read resources, topics remain limited, and other associations’ PEMs are too complex. AI chatbots could help clinicians create more comprehensive, accessible PEMs to improve patient understanding. This study aims to compare the readability of patient education materials (PEMs) written by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) with those generated by large language models

View details →DOI: 10.3390/jcm14196968Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEnergy

Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and Chromochloris zofingiensis: Biosynthetic Pathways, Engineering Strategies, and Industrial Prospects

Shufang Yang, Xue Lu, Jia Wang et al. · 2025 · Marine Drugs

Astaxanthin, a high-value keto-carotenoid with potent antioxidant and health-promoting properties, has gained global attention as a sustainable nutraceutical and biotechnological product. The green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and Chromochloris zofingiensis represent two promising natural producers, yet they differ markedly in physiology, productivity, and industrial scalability. This review provides a focused comparative analysis of these two species, emphasizing their quantitative performance differences. H. pluvialis can accumulate astaxanthin up to ~3–5% of dry biomass but typically

View details →DOI: 10.3390/md23120485Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

18F-PI-2620 Tau PET is associated with cognitive and motor impairment in Lewy body disease

Joseph R. Winer, Hillary Vossler, Christina B. Young et al. · 2024 · Brain Communications

Abstract Co-pathology is frequent in Lewy body disease, which includes clinical diagnoses of both Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Measuring concomitant pathology in vivo can improve clinical and research diagnoses and prediction of cognitive trajectories. Tau PET imaging may serve a dual role in Lewy body disease by measuring cortical tau aggregation as well as assessing dopaminergic loss attributed to binding to neuromelanin within substantia nigra. We sought to characterize 18F-PI-2620, a next generation PET tracer, in individuals with Lewy body disease. We recruited 141 p

View details →DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae458Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Neutrophil-initiated nociceptive ingrowth orchestrates inflammation resolution to potentiate bone regeneration

Xuanyu Qi, Guangzheng YANG, Zeqian Xu et al. · 2026 · Bone Research

Abstract Nociceptive pain is a cardinal feature of traumatic and inflammatory bone diseases. However, whether and how nociceptors actively regulate the immune response during bone regeneration remains unclear. Here, we found that neutrophil-triggered nociceptive ingrowth functioned as negative feedback regulation to inflammation during bone healing. A unique Il4ra + Ccl2 high neutrophil subset drove intense postinjury TRPV1 + nociceptive ingrowth, which in return dissipated inflammation by activating the production of pro-resolving mediator lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in osteoblasts. Mechanistically, os

View details →DOI: 10.1038/s41413-025-00481-6Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessNeuroscience

Melatonin as a Guardian of Mitochondria: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Yanyu Bao, Guoying Miao, Nannan He et al. · 2026 · Biology

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key early pathological process in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), leading to oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, and neuronal apoptosis prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Although mitochondria represent important therapeutic targets, effective interventions targeting mitochondrial function remain limited. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the mechanisms by which melatonin protects mitochondria and evaluates its therapeutic relevance, with a primary focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease-the ma

View details →DOI: 10.3390/biology15020189Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessComputer Science

Generative AI offers more, but students revise less: comparing the effects of teacher and AI feedback on student essay revisions

Mohammadreza Farrokhnia, Saeed Latifi, Pantelis M. Papadopoulos et al. · 2026 · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Abstract Providing high-quality feedback on student writing is essential yet increasingly difficult due to rising class sizes and limited instructional capacity. Generative AI (GenAI) offers a promising and scalable alternative, but its effectiveness compared to traditional teacher feedback, particularly across different prompting techniques, remains uncertain. This study employed a quantitative, randomized three-group experimental design with 70 graduate students to compare the effects of teacher feedback and GenAI feedback generated using two prompting techniques: Zero-shot and chain-of-thou

View details →DOI: 10.1186/s41239-026-00579-9Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessPhysics and Astronomy

In Search of the First Stars: An Ultra-compact and Very-low-metallicity Lyα Emitter Deep within the Epoch of Reionization

Chris J. Willott, Yoshihisa Asada, Kartheik G. Iyer et al. · 2025 · The Astrophysical Journal

Abstract We present JWST observations of a gravitationally lensed, extremely metal-poor galaxy at redshift z = 8.203 ± 0.001 from the CANUCS survey. Based on the low oxygen to Balmer line ratios, we infer a gas-phase metallicity of 12 + log(O/H) = 6.85 (1.4% solar), making CANUCS-A370-z8-LAE one of the most metal-poor galaxies known at z > 7. The galaxy has a high H β equivalent width of 225 ± 50 Å, small half-light radius of only r hl = 3 8 − 19 + 3 pc, and high star formation rate density of 50–100 M ⊙ yr −1 kpc −2 . The galaxy shows high-equivalent-width Ly α emission with an i

View details →DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/addf49Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Therapeutic Potential of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Gastrointestinal Diseases

Mengting Zhu, Jonathan Lee · 2025 · Nutraceuticals

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites derived from the fermentation of dietary fibre by gut bacteria. SCFAs function as essential regulators of host-microbiome interactions by participating in numerous physiological and pathological processes within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In recent years, the depletion of SCFAs has been increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of GI diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of SCFAs in GI diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic dysfunction-associ

View details →DOI: 10.3390/nutraceuticals5030019Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessSocial Sciences

Pedagogical partnerships with generative AI in higher education: how dual cognitive pathways paradoxically enable transformative learning

Shaofeng Wang, Hao Zhang · 2026 · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Abstract The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into higher education has precipitated a critical tension between the pursuit of efficiency and the imperative for deep, transformative learning. While GenAI offers unprecedented speed in knowledge processing, it raises concerns that efficiency-driven motivations may erode the cognitive struggle essential for intellectual growth. This study investigates how Human-GenAI pedagogical partnerships influence transformative learning through the dual cognitive pathways of vigilance and offloading, moderated by efficiency ori

View details →DOI: 10.1186/s41239-026-00585-xCited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEngineering

Scalable and stretchable 1D multifunctional fibers for multimodal sensing and stimulation

Junyi Yin, Jie Zhu, Shaolei Wang et al. · 2026 · Nature Communications

One-dimensional (1D) multifunctional fibers have garnered significant attention due to their advantageous geometry properties, which allows conformal interfacing with soft biological tissues and efficient charge transport. Here, we…

View details →DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-70178-9Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Meningioma: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Carlen Yuen, Michelle Zheng, Max Saint-Germain et al. · 2025 · Biomedicines

Background/Objectives: Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumors. Surgery and radiation therapy are the cornerstones of treatment and no standard of care therapy exists for refractory meningiomas. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches against these tumors. Methods: A search for the existing literature on systemic therapies for meningiomas was performed on PubMed and a search for presently accruing clinical trials was performed on ClinicalTrials.gov. Results: Systemic treatments, including chemotherapy, somatostatin analo

View details →DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13030659Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessSocial Sciences

SΔϕ-65 — Slop as Externalized Restabilization Cost: AI Slop, Human Slop, Authority Pollution, and the Cost of Re-entry (v1.0)

Sofience · 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

This record provides SΔϕ-65 — Slop as Externalized Restabilization Cost: AI Slop, Human Slop, Authority Pollution, and the Cost of Re-entry (v1.0). SΔϕ-65 defines Slop not by whether it is produced by AI or humans, but by whether low execution or production cost externalizes high verification, rebuttal, correction, interpretation, cleanup, and restabilization cost onto others. The central proposition of this document is: Slop is not defined by the producer. Slop is defined by a cost asymmetry: low execution TCC on the producer side, high restabilization TCC on the receiver, platform, expert, p

View details →DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20127428Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Deep feature engineering for accurate sperm morphology classification using CBAM-enhanced ResNet50

Şafak Kılıç · 2025 · PLoS ONE

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Male fertility assessment through sperm morphology analysis remains a critical component of reproductive health evaluation, as abnormal sperm morphology is strongly correlated with reduced fertility rates and poor assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Traditional manual analysis performed by embryologists is time-intensive, subjective, and prone to significant inter-observer variability, with studies reporting up to 40% disagreement between expert evaluators. This research presents a novel deep learning framework combining Convolutional Block Attention Module (CB

View details →DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0330914Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMaterials Science

Benchmarking Large Language Models for Polymer Property Predictions

Sonakshi Gupta, Akhlak Mahmood, Shivank Shukla et al. · 2025 · Macromolecular Rapid Communications

ABSTRACT Machine learning and artificial intelligence have revolutionized polymer science by enhancing the ability to rapidly predict key polymer properties and enabling generative design. The utilization of large language models (LLMs) in polymer informatics may offers additional opportunities for advancement. Unlike traditional methods that depend on large labeled datasets, hand‐crafted representations of the materials, and complex feature engineering, LLM‐based methods utilize natural language inputs via a transfer learning process and eliminate the need for complex representation and finge

View details →DOI: 10.1002/marc.202500388Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Cell Migration–Proliferation Dichotomy in Cancer: Biological Fact or Experimental Artefact?

Abdulaziz Alfahed · 2024 · Biology

The migration-proliferation dichotomy (MPD) has long been observed in cultured cancer cells. This phenomenon is not only relevant to tumour progression but may also have therapeutic significance in clinical cancer. However, MPD has rarely been investigated in primary cancer. This study aimed to either confirm or disprove the existence of MPD in primary cancer. Using primary gastric, colorectal and prostate cancer (GC, CRC and PCa) cohorts from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, this study interrogated the MPD phenomenon by utilising RNA-Seq-based proliferation

View details →DOI: 10.3390/biology13100753Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessPsychology

Psychedelic Therapy vs Antidepressants for the Treatment of Depression Under Equal Unblinding Conditions

Zachary J. Williams, Hannah Barnett, Balázs Szigeti · 2026 · JAMA Psychiatry

Importance: Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) trials have high levels of functional unblinding, which biases results when comparing PAT with blinded interventions. Because PAT is effectively always open label, treatment results should be…

View details →DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4809Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease (PH-ILD): Back to the Future

Giordano Fiorentù, Nicol Bernardinello, Giacomo Giulianelli et al. · 2025 · Advances in Therapy

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive syndrome characterized by increased pulmonary artery pressure. PH often complicates chronic lung diseases, thus contributing to a substantial disease burden and poor prognosis. The WHO Group 3…

View details →DOI: 10.1007/s12325-025-03129-3Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEngineering

Nonlinear seepage mechanical model and bifurcation analysis for fluid-solid coupling in fractured rock mass

Cao Zhengzheng, Xie Mengqi, Rong Tao et al. · 2026 · Scientific Reports

With the development of underground engineering and oil and gas exploitation, the problem of fluid-solid interaction in fractured rock mass has become increasingly prominent, and its complex coupling mechanism has a profound impact on the…

View details →DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-25823-6Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessSocial Sciences

Exploring Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Utilising Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Teaching

Muhammad Haziq Saharuddin, M. Khalid M. Nasir, Muhammad Sofwan Mahmud · 2025 · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research

Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) is a theory that describes the knowledge and skills required by a teacher to integrate technology into their teaching. This study aimed to identify the level of TPACK among primary school…

View details →DOI: 10.26803/ijlter.24.1.7Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Diagnostic challenges in hemangioblastoma: lessons from a rare case presentation

Jayeshkumar Kanani · 2025 · The Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery : the official publication of the Egyptian Society of Neurological Surgeons/Egyptian journal of neurosurgery

Abstract Background Hemangioblastomas are rare, slow-growing benign neoplasms predominantly affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Despite their benign nature, they pose diagnostic challenges due to their diverse clinical manifestations and radiological features. Case presentation. A 40-year-old male presented with chronic headaches and diplopia persisting for 8 years. Initial MRI revealed two cystic lesions in the cerebellum, causing compression and herniation. Surgical removal of one cyst yielded inconclusive results. Follow-up MRIs showed cyst growth and syrinx development. The patient

View details →DOI: 10.1186/s41984-025-00461-2Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Preclinical ex vivo and in vivo models to study immunotherapy agents and their combinations as predictive tools toward the clinic

Iñaki Eguren‐Santamaría, Ignacio Melero, Inmaculada Rodríguez et al. · 2025 · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

Almost every successful anticancer treatment has been preceded by preclinical scientific breakthroughs that encouraged clinical development. However, therapeutic strategies showing promising preclinical results often fail to confirm…

View details →DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-011279Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessPhysics and Astronomy

The ACT-DR5 MCMF galaxy cluster catalog

Matthias Klein, J. J. Mohr, C. T. Davies · 2024 · Astronomy and Astrophysics

Galaxy clusters are useful cosmological probes and interesting astrophysical laboratories. As the cluster samples continue to grow in size, a deeper understanding of the sample characteristics and improved control of systematics becomes more crucial. For this analysis we created a new and larger ACT-DR5-based thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect- (tSZE-) selected galaxy cluster catalog with improved control over sample purity and completeness. We employed the red sequence based cluster redshift and confirmation tool MCMF together with optical imaging data from the Legacy Survey DR-10 and infrared

View details →DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451203Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessMedicine

Why Is Clozapine Uniquely Effective in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia? A Review and Proposal

Robin Murray, Alice Egerton, Yueming Gao et al. · 2025 · Biological Psychiatry

Much is known about the use, benefits, and side-effects, of clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS). However, why clozapine is more effective than other antipsychotics in TRS remains unclear. This paper addresses this question. TRS patients show glutamate abnormalities, and clozapine has widespread effects on glutamate. However, these actions have not been proven different to those of other antipsychotics. Immune dysfunction is also reported in TRS, and clozapine has anti-inflammatory actions, but these have not been correlated with clinical improvement. Currently, there is much i

View details →DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.06.011Cited by 10
Negative / Null Result ReportOpen accessEconomics, Econometrics and Finance

Evaluating the effectiveness of green finance mechanisms, digitalization, globalization, and renewable energy consumption in advancing environmental sustainability in G20 countries

Muhammad Asif, Long Yun-rong, Muhammad Azam Zia et al. · 2025 · Energy & Environment

Climate change, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, has emerged as an acute world problem, especially in the Group of Twenty (G20), where CO 2 emissions and other greenhouse gases are accumulating. This research examines how energy…

View details →DOI: 10.1177/0958305x251319367Cited by 10