222 real negative results, null findings, and replication failures in Neuroscience · Negative / Null Result Report. Search the index →
WASTE indexes published research — it does not host or republish full papers. Each entry is a metadata record compiled from open scholarly databases; the abstract is shown in full only where the paper is openly licensed, otherwise a short excerpt under fair use. Classifications are automated and approximate.
Mark S. George, Sarah H. Lisanby, David Avery et al. · 2010 · Archives of General Psychiatry
CONTEXT: Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been studied as a potential treatment for depression, but previous work had mixed outcomes and did not adequately mask sham conditions. OBJECTIVE: To…
View details →Heather C. Hazlett, Michele D. Poe, Guido Gerig et al. · 2011 · Archives of General Psychiatry
CONTEXT: Brain enlargement has been observed in 2-year-old children with autism, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate early growth trajectories in brain volume and cortical thickness. DESIGN: Longitudinal…
View details →Luigi Angelo Vaira, Giovanna Deiana, Alessandro Giuseppe Fois et al. · 2020 · Head & Neck
BACKGROUND: The first European case series are detecting a very high frequency of chemosensitive disorders in COVID-19 patients, ranging between 19.4% and 88%. METHODS: Olfactory and gustatory function was objectively tested in 72 COVID-19…
View details →Charlotte J. Stagg, Gowri Jayaram, Damien Pastor et al. · 2011 · Neuropsychologia
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is attracting increasing interest as a therapeutic tool for neurorehabilitation, particularly after stroke, because of its potential to modulate local excitability and therefore promote functional plasticity. Previous studies suggest that timing is important in determining the behavioural effects of brain stimulation. Regulatory metaplastic mechanisms exist to modulate the effects of a stimulation intervention in a manner dependent on prior cortical excitability, thereby preventing destabilization of existing cortical networks. The importance of s
View details →Tobias U. Hauser, Reto Iannaccone, Philipp Stämpfli et al. · 2013 · NeuroImage
Changes in response contingencies require adjusting ones assumptions about outcomes of behaviors. Such adaptation processes are driven by reward prediction error (RPE) signals which reflect the inadequacy of expectations. Signals resembling RPEs are known to be encoded by mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to the striatum and frontal regions. Although regions that process RPEs, such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), have been identified, only indirect evidence links timing and network organization of RPE processing in humans. In electroencephalography (EEG), which is well
View details →Anna Weinberg, Greg Hajcak · 2010 · Emotion
The present study examined electrocortical evidence for a negativity bias, focusing on the impact of specific picture content on a range of event-related potentials (ERPs). To this end, ERPs were recorded while 67 participants viewed a…
View details →Sruti Rayaprolu, Bianca Mullen, Matt Baker et al. · 2013 · Molecular Neurodegeneration
BACKGROUND: A rare variant in the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene has been reported to be a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease by two independent groups (Odds ratio between 2.9-4.5). Given the key role of TREM2 in the effective phagocytosis of apoptotic neuronal cells by microglia, we hypothesized that dysfunction of TREM2 may play a more generalized role in neurodegeneration. With this in mind we set out to assess the genetic association of the Alzheimer's disease-related risk variant in TREM2 (rs75932628, p.R47H) with other related neurodegenerative dis
View details →Ibán Amenabar, Simon Poly, Wiwat Nuansing et al. · 2013 · Nature Communications
Mid-infrared spectroscopy is a widely used tool for material identification and secondary structure analysis in chemistry, biology and biochemistry. However, the diffraction limit prevents nanoscale protein studies. Here we introduce…
View details →James H. Cole · 2020 · Neurobiology of Aging
The brain-age paradigm is proving increasingly useful for exploring aging-related disease and can predict important future health outcomes. Most brain-age research uses structural neuroimaging to index brain volume. However, aging affects multiple aspects of brain structure and function, which can be examined using multimodality neuroimaging. Using UK Biobank, brain-age was modeled in n = 2205 healthy people with T1-weighted MRI, T2-FLAIR, T2∗, diffusion-MRI, task fMRI, and resting-state fMRI. In a held-out healthy validation set (n = 520), chronological age was accurately predicted (r = 0.78,
View details →Richard Anney, Lambertus Klei, Dalila Pinto et al. · 2012 · Human Molecular Genetics
While it is apparent that rare variation can play an important role in the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the contribution of common variation to the risk of developing ASD is less clear. To produce a more…
View details →David T. Jones, Mary M. Machulda, Prashanthi Vemuri et al. · 2011 · Neurology
OBJECTIVE: To investigate age-related default mode network (DMN) connectivity in a large cognitively normal elderly cohort and in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) compared with age-, gender-, and education-matched controls. METHODS: We…
View details →Hjördís Ósk Atladóttir, Tine Brink Henriksen, Diana Schendel et al. · 2012 · PEDIATRICS
OBJECTIVES: Results of animal studies suggest that maternal immune activation during pregnancy causes deficiencies in fetal neurodevelopment. Infectious disease is the most common path to maternal immune activation during pregnancy. The…
View details →Brian A. Boyd, Grace T. Baranek, John Sideris et al. · 2010 · Autism Research
This study combined parent and observational measures to examine the association between aberrant sensory features and restricted, repetitive behaviors in children with autism (N=67) and those with developmental delays (N=42). Confirmatory…
View details →Rebecca Landa, Katherine C. Holman, Allison H. O’Neill et al. · 2010 · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
BACKGROUND: Social and communication impairments are core deficits and prognostic indicators of autism. We evaluated the impact of supplementing a comprehensive intervention with a curriculum targeting socially synchronous behavior on…
View details →Sebastian Cachero, Aaron D. Ostrovsky, Jai Y. Yu et al. · 2010 · Current Biology
BACKGROUND: Sex-specific behavior may originate from differences in brain structure or function. In Drosophila, the action of the male-specific isoform of fruitless in about 2000 neurons appears to be necessary and sufficient for many aspects of male courtship behavior. Initial work found limited evidence for anatomical dimorphism in these fru+ neurons. Subsequently, three discrete anatomical differences in central brain fru+ neurons have been reported, but the global organization of sex differences in wiring is unclear. RESULTS: A global search for structural differences in the Drosophila bra
View details →Ronald van den Berg, Edward Awh, Wei Ji · 2014 · Psychological Review
Three questions have been prominent in the study of visual working memory limitations: (a) What is the nature of mnemonic precision (e.g., quantized or continuous)? (b) How many items are remembered? (c) To what extent do spatial binding…
View details →Donna M. Werling, Neelroop Parikshak, Daniel H. Geschwind · 2016 · Nature Communications
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more prevalent in males, and the mechanisms behind this sex-differential risk are not fully understood. Two competing, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses are that ASD risk genes are sex-differentially regulated, or alternatively, that they interact with characteristic sexually dimorphic pathways. Here we characterized sexually dimorphic gene expression in multiple data sets from neurotypical adult and prenatal human neocortical tissue, and evaluated ASD risk genes for evidence of sex-biased expression. We find no evidence for systematic sex-differential ex
View details →Tom G. Hansen, Jacob Krabbe Pedersen, Steen W. Henneberg et al. · 2011 · Anesthesiology
BACKGROUND: Although animal studies have indicated that general anesthetics may result in widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration and neurocognitive impairment in the developing brain, results from human studies are scarce. We investigated…
View details →Guy E. Hawkins, Birte U. Forstmann, Eric‐Jan Wagenmakers et al. · 2015 · Journal of Neuroscience
For nearly 50 years, the dominant account of decision-making holds that noisy information is accumulated until a fixed threshold is crossed. This account has been tested extensively against behavioral and neurophysiological data for…
View details →Tong He, Ru Kong, Avram J. Holmes et al. · 2019 · NeuroImage
There is significant interest in the development and application of deep neural networks (DNNs) to neuroimaging data. A growing literature suggests that DNNs outperform their classical counterparts in a variety of neuroimaging…
View details →Mante S. Nieuwland, Stephen Politzer‐Ahles, Evelien Heyselaar et al. · 2018 · eLife
Do people routinely pre-activate the meaning and even the phonological form of upcoming words? The most acclaimed evidence for phonological prediction comes from a 2005 Nature Neuroscience publication by DeLong, Urbach and Kutas, who observed a graded modulation of electrical brain potentials (N400) to nouns and preceding articles by the probability that people use a word to continue the sentence fragment (‘cloze’). In our direct replication study spanning 9 laboratories (N=334), pre-registered replication-analyses and exploratory Bayes factor analyses successfully replicated the noun-results
View details →Katarzyna Jednoróg, Irène Altarelli, Karla Monzalvo et al. · 2012 · PLoS ONE
Children's cognitive abilities and school achievements are deeply affected by parental socioeconomic status (SES). Numerous studies have reported lower cognitive performance in relation to unfavorable environments, but little is known about the effects of SES on the child's neural structures. Here, we systematically explore the association between SES and brain anatomy through MRI in a group of 23 healthy 10-year-old children with a wide range of parental SES. We confirm behaviorally that language is one of the cognitive domains most affected by SES. Furthermore, we observe widespread modifica
View details →Marc-André Schulz, B.T. Thomas Yeo, Joshua T Vogelstein et al. · 2020 · Nature Communications
Recently, deep learning has unlocked unprecedented success in various domains, especially using images, text, and speech. However, deep learning is only beneficial if the data have nonlinear relationships and if they are exploitable at available sample sizes. We systematically profiled the performance of deep, kernel, and linear models as a function of sample size on UKBiobank brain images against established machine learning references. On MNIST and Zalando Fashion, prediction accuracy consistently improves when escalating from linear models to shallow-nonlinear models, and further improves w
View details →Jon Sprouse, Matthew Wagers, Colin Phillips · 2012 · Language
The source of syntactic island effects has been a topic of considerable debate within linguistics and psycholinguistics. Explanations fall into three basic categories: grammatical theories, which posit specific grammatical constraints that…
View details →Jan Gläscher, David Rudrauf, Roberto Colom et al. · 2010 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
General intelligence (g) captures the performance variance shared across cognitive tasks and correlates with real-world success. Yet it remains debated whether g reflects the combined performance of brain systems involved in these tasks or…
View details →Gilles Dutilh, Joachim Vandekerckhove, Birte U. Forstmann et al. · 2011 · Attention Perception & Psychophysics
People tend to slow down after they make an error. This phenomenon, generally referred to as post-error slowing, has been hypothesized to reflect perceptual distraction, time wasted on irrelevant processes, an a priori bias against the…
View details →Kyle S. Honegger, Robert A. A. Campbell, Glenn Turner · 2011 · Journal of Neuroscience
Sensory stimuli are represented in the brain by the activity of populations of neurons. In most biological systems, studying population coding is challenging since only a tiny proportion of cells can be recorded simultaneously. Here we…
View details →Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Melanie Yergeau · 2019 · Archives of Scientific Psychology
The claim that autistic people lack a theory of mind-that they fail to understand that other people have a mind or that they themselves have a mind-pervades psychology. This article (a) reviews empirical evidence that fails to support the claim that autistic people are uniquely impaired, much less that all autistic people are universally impaired, on theory-of-mind tasks; (b) highlights original findings that have failed to replicate; (c) documents multiple instances in which the various theory-of-mind tasks fail to relate to each other and fail to account for autistic traits, social interacti
View details →Felix Duecker, Alexander T. Sack · 2015 · Frontiers in Psychology
Sham transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) approaches are widely used in basic and clinical research to ensure that observed effects are due to the intended neural manipulation instead of being caused by various possible side effects. We here critically discuss several methodological aspects of sham TMS. Importantly, we propose to carefully distinguish between the placebo versus sensory side effects of TMS. In line with this conceptual distinction, we describe current limitations of sham TMS approaches in the context of placebo effects and blinding success, followed by a short review of our
View details →Catherine R. G. Jones, Andrew Pickles, Milena Falcaro et al. · 2010 · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterised by social and communication difficulties in day-to-day life, including problems in recognising emotions. However, experimental investigations of emotion recognition ability in…
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