Odontoid process angulation range in a South African skeletal population sample: An osteological study
Ricardo Jonker, Glen J. Paton, Shahed Nalla · 2025 · Translational Research in Anatomy
Background: This study investigated the angulation of the odontoid process in a South African skeletal population to establish normative vertical angulation in the sagittal plane and assess variations across population affinity groups, biological sexes, and age categories. The study also investigated standardizing techniques for measuring the angle of the odontoid process. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 cervical axis vertebrae from the Raymond A. Dart Collection. Angulation measurements were taken using digital photographs, ImageJ software and statistical analyses (one-w
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